NRDC: Preventing Industrial Pollution at its Source

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Preventing Industrial Pollution at its Source
A Final Report of the Michigan Source Reduction Initiative

Tables and Figures

Tables
Table 1: Public Reporting of Dow Midland, Michigan 1996 TRI Wastes and Releases
Table 2: Comparison of Dow Midland, Michigan Wastes and Releases to State and National Totals
Table 3: MSRI Reductions
Table 4: Individual MSRI Projects: Reductions, Costs, and Savings
Table 5: MSRI Projects Still in Design and Construction
Table 6: MSRI Projects in Development
Table 7: Additional Reductions at Midland Using Pollution Prevention
Table 8: Additional Reductions at Midland that Did Not Rely on Pollution Prevention
Table 9: MSRI Goals and Deadlines
Table 10: Baseline Comparison of MSRI to Publicly Reported Data
Table 11: Dow Chemical Global 10-year Reduction Goals
Table 12: Indicators of Institutional Change

Figures
Figure 1: MSRI Definition of Pollution Prevention
Figure 2: Pollution Prevention Techniques

Table 1: Public Reporting of Dow Midland, Michigan 1996 TRI Wastes and Releases

Chemical	Total Waste	Total Release	Fugitive Air	Stack Air	Surface Water
Acetonitrile	280,587	1,608	1,220	383	5
Acrylamide	35,745	1,155	411	38	706
Acrylic Acid	21,753	3,008	1,874	1,134	0
Acrylonitrile	242,699	28,637	21,150	7,471	16
Allyl Alcohol	769	768	768	0	0
Ammonia	595,370	13,595	10,333	3,037	0
Antimony Compounds	169	164	0	148	0
Benzene	230,225	7,681	1,557	6,117	7
Biphenyl	570,575	599	132	466	1
Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether	0	0	0	0	0
Bromine	468	468	421	47	0
1,3-Butadiene	277,223	15,419	14,357	1,062	0
1,2-Butylene Oxide	536	530	476	54	0
Certain Glycol Ethers	209,625	1,545	1,109	29	407
Chlorine	154,415	48,945	23,167	25,778	0
Chloroacetic Acid	598,616	3	1	2	0
Chlorobenzene	320,343	5,673	3,534	2,100	39
Chlorodifluoromethane	9,472	8,744	8,744	0	0
Chloroethane	208,202	204,721	14,987	189,734	0
Chloroform	83,372	2,677	2,118	338	221
Chloromethane	1,529,395	9,963	6,169	3,794	0
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether	197	197	197	0	0
Chlorophenols	7,930	23	6	4	13
Chloropicrin	180	77	68	9	0
Chloroprene	34,958	972	972	0	0
Chromium Compounds	12,294	12,294	0	32	0
Copper Compounds	15,990	15,719	0	14	0
Cumene	26,086	52	31	18	0
Cyclohexane	178,168	206	1	205	0
2,4-D	26,553	1,613	11	775	827
2,4-D Sodium Salt	3,956	0	0	0	0
Decabromodiphenyl Oxide	462	376	0	376	0
1,2-Dichloroethane	7,031	4,092	3,762	330	0
Dichloromethane	761,740	23,390	21,736	1,514	140
2,4-Dichlorophenol	420,844	281	70	158	53
1,3-Dichloropropylene	884	382	336	46	0
Dimethylamine	207,976	1,177	767	410	0
Dinitrobutyl Phenol	278,930	3,832	32	0	3,800
Ethylbenzene	891,906	22,496	17,721	4,775	0
Ethylene	258,664	258,664	0	258,664	0
Ethylene Glycol	279,733	3,676	3,665	11	0
Ethylene Oxide	5,386	4,251	3,342	909	0
Formaldehyde	1,370,113	47,165	44,769	0	2,396
Formic Acid	6,766	604	604	0	0
Hydrochloric Acid	1,402,820	54,031	17,447	36,584	0
4,4�-Isopropylidenediphenol	605	1	0	1	0
Methacrylonitrile	1,448	945	943	2	0
Methanol	7,496,643	61,781	41,954	15,616	4,211
Methoxone	47	2	1	1	0
2-Methoxyethanol	1,308	1,067	491	576	0
Methyl Acrylate	46,222	804	721	24	59
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone	14,762	22	16	6	0
Methyl Methacrylate	8,190	1,023	949	51	23
Naphthalene	123,925	157	20	87	47
N-Butyl Alcohol	15,168	1,619	920	699	0
Phenol	411,433	1,409	164	1,196	49
2-Phenylphenol	705,115	1,586	45	1,540	1
Phosgene	406,954	14	0	14	0
Phosphoric Acid	32,937	0	0	0	0
Picloram	1,466	2	1	1	0
Propylene Oxide	51,162	11,109	6,658	4,451	0
Sec-Butyl Alcohol	80,688	10	9	1	0
Styrene	1,492,945	186,109	33,402	139,909	0
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane	284,804	901	2	899	0
Tetrachloroethylene	1,453,162	39,306	35,399	3,822	85
Toluene	2,472,984	353,900	45,465	308,435	0
Trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-Butene	137	137	137	0	0
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol	1,021,242	319	136	155	28
Triethylamine	60,931	1,288	1,128	160	0
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	2,059	495	275	220	0
Vinyl Chloride	296,018	11,350	11,288	62	0
Vinylidene Chloride	612,907	20,654	16,165	4,339	150
Xylene (Mixed Isomers)	1,462,809	1,985	560	1,395	30
Zinc Compounds	13,947	13,947	26	25	0
Total	30,141,144	1,523,415	424,940	1,030,253	13,314
(Chemicals in bold are MSRI Priority Chemicals)

Table 2: Comparison of Dow Midland, Michigan Wastes and Releases to State and National Totals

Chemical	Michigan				National
	Waste		Release		Waste		Release
	%	Rank	%	Rank	%	Rank	%	Rank
24D	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	23.0%	2 of 27	16.0%	2 of 27
Acrylonitrile	16.0%	2 of 2	98.0%	1 of 2	3.5%	30 of 105	3.2%	17 of 105
Butadiene	99.9%	1 of 3	99.9%	1 of 3	0.3%	39 of 184	0.8%	25 of 184
Chlorine	69.0%	1 of 37	48.0%	1 of 37	0.4%	26 of 1,355	0.5%	39 of 1,355
Chloroethane	59.0%	1 of 2	81.0%	1 of 2	0.2%	23 of 53	3.5%	10 of 53
Chloromethane	90.0%	1 of 7	15.0%	3 of 7	5.0%	4 of 109	0.3%	52 of 109
Dichlorophenol 2,4	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	94.0%	1 of 3	12.0%	2 of 3
Ethylbenzene	6.0%	4 of 50	2.0%	14 of 50	0.5%	42 of 1,007	0.2%	107 of 1,007
Formaldehyde	57.0%	1 of 34	24.0%	1 of 34	0.7%	17 of 790		5 of 790
Methylene Chloride	2.0%	5 of 34	1.4%	6 of 34	0.2%	93 of 963	0.0%	420 of 963
Phosgene	94.0%	1 of 2	3.1%	2 of 2	2.8%	10 of 28	0.1%	10 of 28
Styrene	35.0%	1 of 51	9.0%	4 of 51	1.2%	15 of 1,489	0.5%	49 of 1,489
Tetrachloroethane1112	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	3.9%	4 of 8	13.0%	3 of 8
Tetrachloroethylene	87.0%	1 of 11	56.0%	1 of 11	0.7%	17 of 428	0.4%	62 of 428
Toluene	1.2%	8 of 169	6.2%	3 of 169	0.1%	137 of 3,365	0.3%	50 of 3,365
Trichlorophenol 2,4,6	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1
Vinyl Chloride	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	0.2%	24 of 48	0.9%	26 of 48
Vinylidene Chloride	100.0%	1 of 1	100.0%	1 of 1	7.0%	4 of 23	11.0%	3 of 23

Table 3: MSRI Reductions

Priority Chemical	Baseline*		Funded Reductions		Implemented
Priority Chemical	Waste	Release	Waste	Release	Waste	Release
24D	25,167	1,054
Acrylonitrile	231,458	17,392	0	0
Aliphatic Process Tar, BCl-1	769,776	0	500,000	0	0
Butadiene	275,389	13,583	43,893	0	43,893	0
Chlorine	32,585	31,116	9,842	9,842	9,842	9,842
Chloroethane	210,460	210,460	114,000	114,000	114,000	114,000
Chloromethane	1,487,657	9,253	799,000	798	410,000
Chromium	10,948	10,948	1,300	1,300	1,300	1,300
Cyclic process tar, BCl-2	1,278,500	0
Dichloroethane (1,2)	11,604	4,166	3,000		3,000
Dichlorophenol (2,4)	267,960	281
Ethylbenzene	1,488,966	36,909	364,800	0	364,800
Finished Product BCl-1	355,895	1,328	10,000		0
Finished Product BCl-4	739,350	566	319,000		319,000
Formaldehyde	1,387,657	66,653	1,300,000	63,621	700,000	33,324
HCl-priority	1,392,043	35,862	487,740	7,740	7,740	7,740
Intermediate BCl-4	128,038	0	31,000		31,000
Methylene Chloride	489,170	18,608	283,350	339	273,350	0
Phosgene	406,954	14	156,000		0
Styrene	2,134,370	110,922	663,554	12,478	663,554	12,478
Tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2)	284,807	901	120,000		0
Tetrachloroethylene	1,466,099	21,239	984,000		984,000	0
Toluene	683,020	423,178	243,000	243,000	243,000	243,000
Trichlorophenol (246)	1,021,222	319
Vinyl Chloride	296,021	11,350	0		0
Vinylidene Chloride	605,295	20,650	82,000		34,000
TOTAL	17,480,411	1,046,752	6,515,479	453,118	4,202,479	421,684
Percent Reduction			37%	43%
*Differences between baseline MSRI figures and publicly reported TRI are described in Table 10.

Table 4: Individual MSRI Projects: Reductions, Costs, and Savings

			Baseline		Reductions		Capital Cost	Savings (per year)
Process	Project	Chemical	Waste	Release	Waste	Release
Methocel	NONE	Chloromethane	624,535	2,473	0	0
Methocel	NONE	Chlorine	2,020	2,020	0	0
Ion Exchange	Reduce solvent in polymer	Chloromethane	819,118	818	799,000	798	$330,000	$3,300,000
	Change catalyst use in reaction	Formaldehyde	1,361,846	66,648	1,300,000	63,621
	Change reaction conditions	Chlorine	2,938	2,938	2,866	2,866
	Change operation of raw material recovery system	HCl	82,305	6,755	6,345	6,345
SBLatex	Modified recovery techniques (Segregate 1st pass)	Styrene	593,011	1,411	207,554	0	$50,000	$105,000
		Butadiene	125,409	10,758	43,893	0
		Ethylbenzene	119,387	0	0	0
		Acrylonitrile	6,282	6,242	0	0
Pharma	In-process recycling	Methylene Chloride	424,372	759	273,350	0	$140,000	$450,000
Pharma	In-process recycling	Chloromethane	23,447	747	0	0	$140,000	$450,000
Dursban	Recover/Reuse Product Reject Recycle	Finished Product at BCl-4	739,350	566	319,000	0	$20,000	$57,000
	Several Small process changes	Intermediate at BCl-4	128,038	0	31,000	0	NA	$80,000
	Changes to reactors (Guard filters)	Methylene Chloride	5,846	0	0	0	$23,000	$20,000
	Changes to reactors (Guard filters)	HCl priority	2,534	1,602	0	0	$23,000	$20,000
24D	Break emulsion and in-process recycle	Tetrachloroethylene	1,484,000	39,185	984,000	0	$140,000	$525,700
		HCl-priority	33,091	5,898	0	0
		Chlorine	328	328	0	0
		Methylene Chloride	9,289	9,289	0	0
		24D	4,678	0	0	0
Chlorophenols	NONE	Dichlorophenol 2,4	267,960	117	0	0
		Trichlorophenol 2,4,6	1,011,883	28	0	0
		Cyclic Tar BCl-2	1,278,500		0	0
CAC	Improved cooling with refrigeration	Aliphatic Tar BCl-1	796,776		500,000	0	$300,000	$475,000
		Chlorine	162	81	0	0
		Finished Product BCl-1	355,895	1,328	10,000	0
		HCl-priority	1,245,175	1,201	480,000	0
		Phosgene	406,951	11	156,000	0
		Vinylidene Chloride	129,016	4,101	48,000	0
		Tetrachloroethane1112	281,353	335	120,000	0
ETHOCEL	Refrigerated condenser (ER3)	Toluene	462,120	415,237	243,000	243,000	$1,300,000	$54,000
ETHOCEL	Steam recovery	Chloroethane	208,586	208,586	114,000	114,000	$485,000	$54,000
SARAN	Vapor balance procedures, modified transfer and loading	Vinylidene Chloride	600,524	12,361	34,000	0	$0	$13,000
		Vinyl Chloride	379,415	8,530	0	0
		Acrylonitrile	1,317	1,079	0	0
		Chlorine	893	29	0	0
		HCl-priority	1,449	728	0	0
HIPS	Switch to concentrated initiator	Styrene	823,431	3,702	456,000	0	$300,000	$270,000
HIPS	Switch to concentrated initiator	Ethylbenzene	662,943	2,892	364,800	0	$300,000	$270,000
Mass ABS	Eliminate Methylene chloride for cleaning	Methylene Chloride	10,000	339	10,000	339	$1,000	$1,000
		Acrylonitrile	25,202	2,677	0	0
		Styrene	163,654	7,356	0	0
		Ethylbenzene	274,848	2,309	0	0
Specialty Chem	Several miscellaneous changes and reduced inhibitor	Dichloroethane (1,2)	11,604	4,166	3,000	0	NA	NA
		Chromium	10,948	10,948	1,300	1,300
		Styrene				12,478
Incinerator*	Reduced incinerator release from reduced chlorinated wastes	Chlorine			6,976	6,976
Incinerator*	Reduced incinerator release from reduced chlorinated wastes	HCl			1,395	1,395
TOTAL					6,515,479	453,118	$3,089,000	$5,350,700
*These reductions are the secondary impact from reductions in chlorinated wastes burned and are not counted as a separate reduction project.

Table 5: MSRI Projects Still in Design and Construction

Process	Actions	Completion Date	Chemicals	Waste Reductions	Release Reductions
Ion Exchange	Catalyst change, process change and recycle raw materials from evaporator	December 1999	Formaldehyde	600,000	30,300
Ion Exchange		December 1999	Chloromethane	389,000	798
CAC	Install refrigeration equipment	April 2000	Aliphatic Tar BCl-1	500,000
			Finished Product BCl-1	10,000
			HCl-priority	480,000
			Phosgene	156,000
			Vinylidene Chloride	48,000
			Tetrachloroethane1112	120,000
EngPlas	Implement new cleaning technology	December 1999	Methylene Chloride	10,000	339
TOTAL				2,313,000	31,437

Table 6: MSRI Projects in Development

Process	Actions	Chemicals	Waste Reductions	Release Reductions
Specialty Chemical	In-process Recycle Chromium with Resin	Chromium	8,500	8,500
CAC	Use HCl absorber	HCl	800,000
Methocel	Make high waste/unit products in La.	Chloromethane	600,000
SB Latex	Negotiate cold load agreement with suppliers	Styrene	300,000
SB Latex	Negotiate cold load agreement with suppliers	Butadiene	60,000
Dursban	Recover crude product from waste through distillation & filtration	Finished Product at BCl-4	100,000
Chlorophenols	Improve recovery of 24DCP, 50%	Dichlorophenol 2,4	210,000
	Improve selectivity of reaction to 24DCP, 40%	Trichlorophenol 2,4,6	404,000
	Improve selectivity of reaction to 24DCP, 40%	Cyclic Tar BCl-2	511,000
24D	Additional in-process recycling	Tetrachloroethylene	148,000
24D	Mag drive pumps	Methylene Chloride	9,000	9,000
24D Packaging	Flaker control software change	24D	15,000
ETHOCEL	Optimize Recover Systems	Toluene	100,000	100,000
SARAN	Pressure Swing Adsorption	Vinyl Chloride	270,000
HIPS	Improve water separation in waste tanks	Styrene	30,000
HIPS	Improve water separation in waste tanks	Ethylbenzene	30,000
EngPlas	Switch to liquid initiator	Acrylonitrile	100,000
		Styrene	100,000
		Ethylbenzene	235,000	10,000
TOTAL			4,030,500	127,500

Table 7: Additional Reductions at Midland Using Pollution Prevention

MSRI Chemicals	Baseline		Reduction
	Waste	Release	Waste	Release
	17,480,411	1,046,752	6,515,479	453,118
NON MSRI Chemicals
Carbon Monoxide			237,000
Oxalyl Chloride			5,900
CO2			129,000
Oxygen			117,000
Methylal			896,000	896,000
Methanol			1,400,000	14,000
Catalyst			1,060,000
Amine			200,000
Diethyl ether			47,000	47,000
Ethanol			22,000	22,000
NON MSRI Chemicals	58,100,000	1,300,000	4,113,900	979,000
Total	75,580,411	2,346,752	10,629,379	1,432,118

Table 8: Additional Reductions at Midland That Did Not Rely on Pollution Prevention

Chemical	Treatment	Out of Process Recycling
Chloroethane	28,000
Toluene	2,000
EB/Styrene	9,000
Chloromethane		600,000
TOTAL	39,000	600,000

Table 9: MSRI Goals and Deadlines

	Goals
Quantitative Goals	To have capital approved by April 30, 1999 that will achieve the following total waste and emissions of MSRI priority chemicals using pollution prevention: at least 35% reduction in the total amount of air and water emissions from Michigan Operations and; at least 35% reduction in waste generated prior to treatment.
Qualitative/Institutional Goals	To foster institutional changes throughout Dow which will: further shift the corporation's thinking from compliance to pollution prevention; further integrate health and environmental concerns into core business planning and decision making. To develop and rely upon a participatory process that leads to changes in business decision making throughout Dow and that provides an opportunity for the citizen participants to gain an understanding of the company's business decision making process To monitor waste reduction and pollution prevention accomplishments and provide accountability of the project results to the general public

Table 10: Baseline Comparison of MSRI to Publicly Reported Data*

Chemical	MSRI Baseline for 1996		Original Public TRI for 1996		Description of Changes
Chemical	Waste	Release	Waste	Release
24D	25,167	1,054	26,553	1,613	Refinement of estimation techniques
Acrylonitrile	231,458	17,392	242,699	28,637	Fugitives reduced by using bagging method instead of SOCMI factors and light liquid factors instead of heavy.
Butadiene	275,389	13,583	277,223	15,419	Fugitives reduced: Plant method change
Chlorine	32,585	31,116	154,415	48,945	No Chlorine to WWTP (was actually hypochlorite)
Chloroethane	210,460	210,460	208,202	204,721	Fugitives reduced, number of devices incorrect
Chloromethane	1,487,657	9,253	1,529,395	9,963	Incorrect fugitive factor. R&D releases in MSRI not in TRI. WWTP input from off-site plant.
Chromium	10,948	10,948	12,294	12,294	Other company�s waste. Double counted waste to WWTP
Dichloroethane (1,2)	11,604	4,166	7,031	4,092	Correction to match otherwise use total
Dichlorophenol (2,4)	267,960	281	420,844	281	Updated, waste characterization based on sampling
Ethylbenzene	1,488,966	36,909	891,906	22,496	Purge stream considered waste in MSRI. Vent estimate increased by correction of reporting error. Fugitive based on bagging instead of SOCMI.
Formaldehyde	1,387,657	66,653	1,370,113	47,165	Secondary air releases from WWTP based on improved model.
HCl-priority	1,392,043	35,862	1,402,820	54,031	Transcription error. Fugitive incorrect device count. MSRI counts liquid HCl burned.
Methylene Chloride	489,170	13,203	761,740	23,390	Fugitives based on revised # of devices and hours of operation. Secondary air releases from WWTP down based improved model.
Phosgene	406,954	14	406,954	14	No changes
Styrene	2,134,370	110,922	1,492,945	186,109	Fugitive change. Double counted polymer residuals. PBR reported for MSRI purposes as recycled off site. Water to WWTP reported as styrene
Tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2)	284,807	901	284,804	901	No changes
Tetrachloroethylene	1,466,727	21,867	1,453,162	39,306	Incorrect device count for fugitives. Removed from energy recovery because less than 5,000 BTU/lb.
Toluene	683,020	423,178	2,472,984	353,900	Pilot plant shutdown. Ethocel vent release now determined by material balance. Other company's waste. Revision of WWTP inputs based on recent sampling
Trichlorophenol (246)	1,021,222	319	1,021,242	319	No substantial changes
Vinyl Chloride	296,021	11,350	296,018	11,350	No substantial changes
Vinylidene Chloride	605,295	20,650	612,907	20,654	New analysis of liquid waste. Not considered energy recovery because < 5,000 BTU/lb.
TOTAL	14,208,852	1,044,858	15,346,251	1,085,600
*Five MSRI priority waste streams were not required to be reported on TRI and therefore did not require modification. The quantities of these waste streams appear in Table 3.

Table 11: Dow Chemical Global 10-year Reduction Goals

Goal	Quantity	Chemicals
Reduce dioxin emissions	90%	Dioxins
Further reduce air and water emissions	75%	Priority compounds: 2 persistent, bioaccumulative toxics (mercury and hexachlorobenzene) 6 known carcinogens 12 ozone depletors 9 high volume toxics
Further reduce air and water emissions	50%	625 compounds
Reduce waste and waste water per pound of production	50%	All chemicals except sodium chloride
Reduce energy use per pound of production	20%

Table 12: Indicators of Institutional Change

Area	Example Questions
Leadership/Goal Setting	Does your business have any environmental performance goals beyond compliance? Are these goals quantitative? Are these goals regularly communicated to employees in the business? Does the business have a plan to reduce the use and production of persistent, bioaccumulative toxics (PBT�s)?
Financial and Human Resources	Will your business increase the capital allocated for pollution prevention projects in 1999 compared to prior years? Are there extra incentives for funding pollution prevention capital over projects that have no pollution prevention aspects? Is there a business commitment to provide staffing for pollution prevention projects? Is staffing for scoping pollution prevention projects included in the long-term business planning? Has a full cost accounting been done in your business?
Employee/Management Incentives	Do pollution prevention innovators get recognized in performance evaluations? Are business or corporate environmental goals discussed in performance evaluations?
Community Input	Does the community have any input into the environmental goals for the business? Does the business have any outside (beyond Dow) review of/feedback on product risk issues?
Product Issues	Does the business rate products according to pollution generated in addition to profitability? Does the business do a lifecycle analysis of each of its products? Does the business compare the lifecycle of its products with the lifecycle of substitutes to its products? Are there more sustainable ways of providing the same function as the product that you produce, while meeting the same need?
Information Needs	Has the business inventoried its chemicals for their ability to cause health effects other than cancer including disruptions to the immune hormone and reproductive systems? Has the business inventoried its chemicals for their ability to harm ecosystems or the plants and animals in them? Does the business identify data gaps in their knowledge of the chemicals they use and have a plan to address those gaps?

Figure 1: MSRI Definition of Pollution Prevention

Pollution prevention means in-plant changes in production processes or raw material that reduce, avoid, or eliminated the use of toxic or hazardous substances or generation of hazardous byproducts per unit of product, so as to reduce risks to the health of workers, consumers, or the environment, without shifting risks between workers, consumers or parts of the environment. Pollution prevention shall be achieved through any of the following techniques:

Input substitution, which refers to replacing a toxic or hazardous substance or raw material used in a production unit with a non-toxic or less toxic substance;
Product reformulation, which refers to substituting for an existing end-product an end product which is non-toxic or less toxic upon use, release, or disposal;
Production unit redesign or modification, which refers to developing and using production units of a different design than those currently used;
Production unit modernization, which refers to upgrading or replacing existing production unit equipment and methods with other equipment and methods, based on the same production unit;
Improved operation and maintenance of production unit equipment and methods, which refers to modifying or adding to existing equipment or methods including, but not limited to, such techniques as improved housekeeping practices, system adjustments, product and process inspections or production unit control equipment or methods; or
Recycling, reuse, or extended use of toxics by using equipment or methods which become an integral part of the production unit of concern, including, but not limited to, filtration and other closed loop methods.

However, pollution prevention shall not include or in any way be inferred to promote or require incineration, transfer from one medium to other media, off-site or out-of-production unit waste recycling, or methods of end-of-pipe treatment of toxics as waste.

Figure 2: MSRI Pollution Prevention Techniques

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Tables and Figures

Table 1: Public Reporting of Dow Midland, Michigan 1996 TRI Wastes and Releases