Canada

As Canada’s decisions shape the future of nature and climate worldwide, NRDC is advancing solutions that protect forests, biodiversity, and Indigenous rights.

An aerial view of old growth boreal forest near Dryden in Northwestern Ontario, Canada

Old-growth trees of the boreal forest near Dryden in northwestern Ontario, Canada

Credit:

River Jordan for NRDC

Canada is the second-largest country in the world by landmass, holding a disproportionate share of some of the world’s most vital and globally significant intact ecosystems, including 40 percent of the world’s primary boreal and temperate forests, a quarter of the world’s wetlands, and the world’s largest coastline. These ecosystems are habitat for more than 80,000 species, including iconic ones like the boreal caribou and the Southern Resident orca, as well as the breeding grounds for billions of birds across the Americas.  

Unparalleled global treasures stretch across the distant reaches of Canada, from the Great Bear Rainforest along British Columbia’s coast to the boreal forest, which holds nearly twice as much carbon as all the world’s oil reserves combined. Most of Canada’s forests are primary forests—naturally regenerated forests of native tree species where there are no visible signs of disturbance—and are on the traditional territories of Indigenous Peoples who have long been the leading voices in articulating transformative approaches to protecting the cultural, biodiversity, and climate values of their lands.

However, industrial activities threaten these globally critical ecosystems with irreparable harm—activities like the development of Alberta’s tar sands, among the world’s largest and dirtiest sources of oil, and the clearcutting of more than a million acres of boreal and temperate rainforests each year. These energy and land use decisions have major implications for Canada’s future, as well as the climate and biodiversity of the entire planet. This is why NRDC seeks to create a future where forests across Canada are thriving, abundant, and resilient and where policies and practices globally facilitate this; where Indigenous Peoples’ rights are respected and their stewardship of forests is supported; where the expansion of dirty energy projects that are inconsistent with a safe climate is stopped; and where the multinational logging and fossil fuel industries (e.g., the fossil fuel extraction from tar sands) no longer wield excessive power over local, national, and global decision-making.

Critical opportunities for action

Economic uncertainty and changing global markets are driving Canada to accelerate resource extraction and advance major projects to increase exports from oil, gas, and wood products.

This then further expands the industrial footprint into primary and other high-integrity forests and locks in increased high-carbon fossil fuel production and exports that fuel global greenhouse gas emissions. This creates renewed pressure on some of the country’s most ecologically important landscapes, underscoring the need for management approaches that prioritize Indigenous leadership and long-term conservation.

Indigenous Peoples across Canada are leading efforts to protect some of the country’s most important forests and ecosystems through Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs), and other Indigenous-led conservation strategies. Yet these efforts often face challenges from competing industrial interests, particularly in the forestry, mining, and fossil fuel sectors. While Indigenous communities hold deep cultural connections and rights related to these lands, provincial governments oversee many resource management decisions. As a result, vast areas of high-integrity forest remain available for industrial activity—including logging for pulp, paper, lumber, and biomass production—without the Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) of Indigenous Peoples.

NRDC’s priorities in Canada

Canada’s ability to deliver on its goal of protecting 30 percent of its lands and reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 45 percent by 2030 will have a significant impact on global efforts to protect nature and our climate. This presents a pivotal opportunity for NRDC, along with others in the environmental movement, to work with Indigenous communities on advocacy at the provincial, federal, and international levels, combined with marketplace campaigns to engage companies and financial interests globally to protect nature and address the climate crisis. 

In Canada, NRDC works to protect forests, wildlife, communities, and the climate by focusing on three key priorities:

  • Protecting forests: We advocate for stronger accountability and sustainable practices across the logging, pulp, and biomass sectors to help safeguard climate critical forests across Canada and the wildlife and communities that depend on them.
  • Supporting Indigenous-led conservation: We work to advance Indigenous leadership in conservation efforts that strengthen biodiversity protection, improve wildfire resilience, and support Canada’s landscape conservation goals.
  • Addressing risks to nature and biodiversity from fossil fuel expansion: We assess and raise awareness of the environmental, biodiversity, and climate implications of proposed oil and gas infrastructure development projects that could expand high-carbon fossil fuel production.
Mattice Creek near the southern boundary of Wabakimi Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada, on September 12, 2025.
KEY PROJECTS OF IMPACT

Holding brands accountable to transform the tissue market

U.S. demand for single-use, throwaway products like toilet paper and paper towels is a major driver of unsustainable logging across the boreal forest in Canada. Through research, advocacy, and consumer engagement, NRDC encourages companies to adopt more responsible sourcing practices and reduce the environmental and social harms associated with their fiber supply chains. NRDC’s flagship Issue with Tissue report and scorecard series shine a spotlight on the impacts of everyday paper products and help consumers make more informed, sustainable choices. The report is a critical tool for encouraging companies to reduce their dependence on high-impact forest fiber, adopt more sustainable alternatives, and respect the rights of Indigenous Peoples, including through adherence to the principle of FPIC—all of which help to shift the marketplace toward greater environmental and social responsibility (e.g., challenging companies like Procter & Gamble to stop using high-integrity boreal forest to make products like Charmin toilet paper).

Farabout Peninsula at Eagle Lake, Kenora District, in Ontario, Canada
KEY PROJECTS OF IMPACT

Strengthening Indigenous-led conservation

NRDC supports Indigenous communities in their efforts to secure legal rights and stewardship over their traditional territories. Following the lead of our Indigenous partners, we work to remove barriers to their efforts to establish IPCAs and other Indigenous-led conservation strategies and demonstrate how Indigenous-led stewardship can safeguard biodiversity and the climate while mitigating the impacts of wildfires and floods. We also support our Indigenous partners’ legal strategies to secure rights over their territories and engage companies and investors to promote rights-respecting, high-integrity practices. 

Tree seedlings in a clearcut area of boreal forest near Dryden in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, June 2019.
KEY PROJECTS OF IMPACT

Advancing deforestation- and degradation-free trade and forest policy 

Through better policies and practices, Canada can protect and sustainably manage the primary, mature, and old-growth forests that absorb and store massive amounts of climate-warming carbon, provide habitat for millions of species, and support local communities. We work with partners to improve the policies that shape how forests are managed, protected, and valued. From elevating the impacts of forest degradation in Canada and educating investors on how to avoid investments supporting forest degradation to promoting transparent forest carbon accounting and stronger protections for mature and old-growth forests and supporting deforestation-free trade and procurement policies, our goal is to reduce forest degradation while advancing Indigenous rights and climate resilience.

KEY PROJECTS OF IMPACT

Halting proliferation of forest biomass for large-scale electricity

Through advocacy, research, and coalition-building, NRDC works to halt the expansion of forest biomass export for large-scale electricity projects and challenge biomass subsidy policies that increase industrial logging pressure on primary and old-growth forests or treat burning wood as carbon-neutral. This work helps drive greater scrutiny of major biomass producers, including Drax, and supports policies that prioritize forest protection and genuinely clean energy solutions.

Pipeline under construction in Alberta, Canada
KEY PROJECTS OF IMPACT

Challenging tar sands and LNG expansion

For more than a decade, NRDC played a leading role in the movement to stop the Keystone XL pipeline, one of the most prominent fossil fuel infrastructure battles in North America. By combining litigation, advocacy, and coalition-building and working in partnership with Indigenous communities, landowners, and conservation organizations, we challenged the project’s environmental impacts, helped prevent the construction of the project, and built public awareness of the risks associated with expanded tar sands development. 

Together in a coalition, we stopped the Northern Gateway tar sands pipeline and the Energy East pipeline that would have brought hundreds of tar sands tankers down the U.S. Atlantic coast from Canada to refineries on the U.S.’s Gulf Coast. NRDC continues to work with on-the-ground partners to stop new tar sands and liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure that would undermine efforts to address climate change and threaten communities, waters, and iconic species across North America.  

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